The Importance of Ethics Committees

Health care institutions operate to uphold the rights and well-being of patients. In practicing patient care, members of health care organizations face actions and decisions that should be aligned with ethical issues maintained by health care facilities, such as hospitals, to look after the best interests of patients. To oversee the ethical issues that health care facilities should observe consistently, establishing ethics committees is necessary.In order to determine the importance of ethics committees in the field of health care and medicine, it is relevant to go over the history of the establishment of ethics committees, the varied and significant roles played by ethics committees in health care and medicine, the principles upheld by ethics committees, and the magnitude of ethics committees in health care facilities and the field of medicine. Ethical issues frame health care and the field of medicine.Health care ethics is primarily based on principled obligations that health care and medicine should provide for human beings, as well as the binding obligations to constitutional laws. Health care ethics ensure that health care policies, services, programs, and practices are in line with moral obligations to human beings and political obligations to the state, while keeping in mind the sole purpose of health care and medicine – to improve the quality of life.With the unending and increasing issues and choices that members of health care organizations and the field of medicine must face and decide on each day, there is a need to put up ethical standards and norms to abide by to avoid inconsistencies, conflicts, and disagreements. The requirement for ethics committees was formalized in 1992 by the Joint Commission (O’Reilly, 2008). Ethics committees are composed of various members of health care institutions. Members of ethics committees include â€Å"physicians, nurses, psychologists, lawyers, administrators and supervisors, families, and the comm unity† (Fremgen, 2005).Ethics committees are in charge of overseeing practices and operations within health care facilities regarding the services provided for patient care. Primarily, ethics committees in contributing or improving health care policies employed by facilities by thorough analysis and research and the formulation of ethical procedures or guidelines that the health care facility and all its members must observe at all times. These procedures or guidelines are patient-centered – one which puts forth the best interest of the patient.Ethics committees uphold ethical health care principles and practices by intervening in conflicts within the health care facility, especially when it comes to decision-making and ethical issues. The ethics committee reexamines a particular situation and arrives at a counsel or a suggestion as to how the parties involved will go about solving the problem. The result of the ethics committee’s reexamination is based on ethica l laws and principles endorsed by the state and the health care facility to put the patient’s concerns above all.In some instances, the ethics committee also reviews the quality and kind of health care services received by the patient in order to determine whether it was based on guiding ethical principles or not. (Fremgen, 2005) Ethics committees are influential in determining the fairness, reliability, morality, and integrity of health care facilities. It serves as a quality control committee, keeping health care services, practices, and operations in check, in order to make sure that they comply with ethical principles related to health care and medicine.Through ethics committees, health care facilities are able to sustain a mission, vision, goals, and objectives that are within the limits of what is ethical for health care facilities to provide. This ensures that the quality of health care services provided to patients meet their needs, demands, and expectations and it de fends what is morally upright in relation to patient care. Ethics committees keep professionalism in the work place in check, and it guides major ethical choices and decisions in the field of health care and medicine.With the realization of the significant roles and responsibilities that ethics committees carry out, it is therefore of great importance to health care facilities or organizations to establish an ethics committee that will serve as a consultant or a guide in putting health care practices and operations in line with ethical laws and principles. It does not only add value or integrity to health care facilities, but it also ensures that patient care is provided for, qualitatively and ethically.

Person centred values Essay

A.C 1.2- Outline the benefits of working with an individual with dementia in a person-centred manner It is important to work with an individual with dementia in a person-centred manner in other to meet the individual’s needs and to provide the best quality care service. The benefits include to ensure quality of life of the individual and to treat the individual as deem fit and necessary. To place the individual at the centre values, individuality i.e. everyone’s differences must be recognized and respected. Choice, privacy, information and activities must be kept confidential. Individual must be empowered to do activities for themselves which means individual must be independent. It is vital for the social care worker to work using these precise methods to establish the needs and wishes of the individual. This will also mean that individuals will feel empowered and in control of their lives, be more confident about making decisions, will feel valued and respected. A.C. 1.3 – Why risk-taking can be part of a person-centred approach see more:define person centred planning Life itself is a risk. We take risk in our daily lives. The person-centred approach to risk includes making an assessment with the people involved in the plan such as the individual, their relatives and other professionals. Risk taking is part of a person-centred approach as this empowers individuals to have choices about what they want to do in their lives as well as to be part of their community. Not allowing individuals to take risks can have a negative impact on an individual’s life which may negate the way they which to live. Taking risks means that you are able to decide and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that a concern about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A.C. 2.1 – Describe the role that carers can have in the care and support of individuals with dementia A.C.2.2 – Explain the value of developing a professional working relationship with carers Every day we make many choices. All choices are important, even though some of them are very small. Day-to day choices are often about the cloth we wear, the food we eat, how we spend our money and who we spend time with. Other choices we make include where to work and who to live with, where to live and where to go on holiday. We probably take the freedom to make these choices for granted, but these choices are often made for people with learning disabilities, without paying attention to their wishes. Choice is not only for people who can speak for themselves. People with severe or profound learning disabilities can make many choices for themselves. We will need to develop our observation skills to discover the way in which the person we support expresses their preferences. Over time we will be able to build up a more detailed understanding of how they communicate their likes and dislike s. We can then use this information to involve the person in making more choices. Having choice over a particular part of our life means we have control. This is good for our emotional and mental health, and helps us to feel a real part of the community. Part of our task is ensuring that people with learning difficulties have choice in their lives. Privacy is a basic human need. We all need to do some things alone and to have time to ourselves to do as we please. Our need for privacy depends on our personality, interests and circumstances. We must respect people’s need for privacy whenever it arises. If our work involves supporting a person with their personal care, we will need to make  particular efforts to ensure privacy for them. We are dependent on other people for all aspects of our daily life. Think about the supply of electricity and water to our homes, the food we eat and the transport we use, not to mention access to communication technology such as phones, Television and the internet. More importantly, we are dependent on those close to us for their love, support and affection. It is more accurate to say that we are all independent. We need other people in all areas of our life. There are, however, different types of independence. We can see this with children, as they grow from being totally dependent babies to much more independent teenagers. Gradually, people with learning disabilities are taking more control of their lives. But even today, people with learning disabilities are often on the receiving end of other people’s decisions and planning. They may not have the power to decide on their own lifestyle. Other people, such as service providers, family or support workers, often make these decision for them. Others may be well supported, but lack the confidence or experience to take control of their lives. We have a vitally important role in the empowerment of people with learning disabilities to become independent. People with learning disabilities have the same rights as every other citizen in our society. The fundamental principle means that people with learning disabilities should never be treated in an inhuman or degrading way. They should always be treated politely, and as people of value in their own right. The way ourselves and our colleagues behave towards the people with learning disabilities we support affects the way that other people see them, and the way they see themselves. We should always show consideration to the people with learning disabilities that we work with. Our actions and attitudes should show that everyone is worthy of respect. Every day in our work as a learning disabilities worker, we are a partner with a person with disability we support. We are working with them so that they can fulfill their dreams and ambitions, and so that we can assist them their particular needs. Partnership also involves other people working together, to meet the needs of people with learning disabilities as fully as possible. This may include partnership with other professionals such as social workers, GPs, Physiologists, Psychiatrists, and speech and language therapist. The families of the people with learning disabilities we support are often very important partners in our work. Most family carers  have a wealth of knowledge and experience about their family member. They know their likes and dislikes, their personal history and any other particular medical needs. They are often more than happy to share what they know with new workers. When asking family carers for information, it is important to remember that some families have seen many workers come and go in their relative’s life. They may have repeated the same information very many times. Some may feel disillusioned of past experiences when things have not changed as they had hoped. A major aspect of partnership working is bringing together in an atmosphere where this is simply the accepted way of doing things. In this type of working environment, training, attitudes, procedures and quality standards all have partnership as one of their goals. Successful partnership depend to a large extent upon the amount of effort put into creating an environment in which joint working is seen simply as the way things are done. Discrimination against people with learning disabilities and their families often results in the unfair and unequal treatment of people just because of their learning disability. People with learning disabilities may not be allowed the freedom and opportunities which the Human Rights Act and other laws encourage. They often face prejudice and discrimination. They may be treated unequally and unjustly and denied the opportunities that should be available to them, just as they are to other citizens. Equal opportunities mean that people with learning disabilities should: No longer be marginalized and isolated within society Have the same social statues as other people No longer be subject to exploitation and abuse Have their opinions taken seriously Have their adult status recognized Have the same citizenship right as other people. Failure to give equal opportunities to people with learning disabilities denies our common humanity. It causes anger, frustration, despair, hopelessness and loneliness for the people involved, and keeps them powerless and dependent. The General Social Care Council (GSCC) is the organization set up by the government in 2001 to register and regulate all social care workers. It has produced a Code of Practice which states that social care workers should work in a certain way. A.C 3.1 – Describe the roles of others in the care and support of individuals with dementia It is fundamental ethical principle that every person has the right to determine what happens to his/her own body. This right is reflected in the Rules of professional Conduct and the Core Standards of Physiotherapy practice and is also protected by law. Touching a patient prior to obtaining valid consent may constitute battery under civil or criminal law, or in some circumstances, sexual assault. However, it is important to gain patient’s consent prior to assessment treatment. It is also a matter of common courtesy between the patient and the care assistant and helps to establish a relationship of trust and confidence. Evidence shows that where such a relationship exists, patients are less likely to take a legal action, and this could be why legal action against care assistants is rare. As a broad principle consent should be gained for all activities, even if we want to plump someone’s pillows. It is important that people not only give their consent but also fully unde rstand what they are consenting to and the implications. Consent can be implied, verbal, informal or written. Gaining consent protects both the carer and the person against legal challenges. A health care service consent document supports the rights of patients and families to be informed about the benefit and risk of a proposed treatment or procedure and to make a voluntary decision as to whether to proceed or not. The following must be considered when making a valid consent: i. the patient must have capacity to consent i.e. be mentally competent. ii. Consent must be voluntary i.e the patient must not be acting under duress. iii. The patients must have received sufficient information to make a decision about their treatment. A.C 3.2 – Explain when it may be necessary to refer to others when supporting individuals with dementia To established consent for an activity or action we have to explain the activity or action to the other party so they have the correct information to make an inform decision. If the persons lacks the capacity to make informed decisions alone then we will need to establish who else need to be involved. This information is usually found in the  person’s care of plan or in a communication chart established to cover a range of circumstances. To establish consent to an action or activity we need to: Explain what it is using language familiar to the individual Describe what the action or activity involves Explain the benefits to the individual Explain any potential or actual risks involved in doing it and not doing it Listen to and observe the individual’s response Encourage the individual to ask questions Give the individual time to process the information Confirm consent again immediately prior to any action or activity. A.C 3.3 – Explain how to access the additional support of others when supporting individuals with dementia Consent (permission) must be given before care can be to a person. To even touch a person when forbidden, can be consider assault. If there is nobody available when an intoxicated, unconscious or impaired individual presents for care, consent is â€Å"implied†, as there is nobody to give that consent. It is assumed that consent would be given by family or that person, if they were able to communicate that. The only time that we cannot take saving measures, is when there is a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order on that patient. It is considered an emergency if a person is apparently experiencing severe suffering or is at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm. The expectation for emergency treatment applies if: the patient is mentally incapable of making the treatment decision. The delay required to obtain consent will prolong the suffering or put the person at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm. The expectation for emergency treatment also applies if: the patient is apparently capable, but communication cannot occur because of a language barrier or a disability. Reasonable steps have been taken to find a practical means of communicating with the patient but such steps have been unsuccessful, and the delay required to find a practical means to communicate will prolong suffering or put the person at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm in addition, a health practitioner who believes that a person is mentally incapable, or where communication cannot take place after  reasonable steps have been taken, may conduct an examination or diagnostic procedure without consent, if the examination or diagnostic procedure is reasonable necessary to determine whether there is emergency. If a patient presents in an emergency situation, is unconscious, mentally incapable, and with no family available, and no advance directive in place, it is considered reasonable to treat the patient. It is assumed that under these conditions, the patient would consent to treat. If there is a language barrier, and the patient is otherwise capable of giving consent, a reasonable effort must be made to find an interpreter, which includes using the ones through the phone companies. If the patient’s life is in danger, and there is nobody who can communicate with them, then with careful documentation, treatment can be delivered. A.C 4.1 – Demonstrate how to use a person-centred thinking tool in relation to own life to identify what is working and not working People who use services and carers are becoming more active participants in social care provision, training and employment. They are no longer the passive recipients of service. Skills for care committed to ensuring people who use services and carers get an opportunity to have their say and participate in projects, to ensure that activities undertaken by Skills for Care reflect their need, wants and aspirations. Providing individual with empowerment is important. Empowerment is about enabling the individuals we support to contribute and have an influence over the issues which affect the way they live. When individuals make choices, they have more control and feel valued. It is important that we support empowerment of the individuals we work with. Providing individuals with empowerment to make informed choices enables individuals to maintain their rights of choice, equality and opportunity. Active participation is ways of working that recognize an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationship of their own care or support, rather than just a recipient. Being part of a community is particularly important to individuals who live on their and do not work. It does not matter what kind of something will give them a sense of belonging, a feeling of self-worth and independence. A.C. 4.2 Describe own relationship circle 4.3 Describe how helpful using a person-centred thinking tool was to identify actions in relation to own life Putting active participation into practice means being able to recognize and reduce potential barriers to its implementation. Barriers to implementing an active participation approach can occur where the health and social practitioners: lack understanding of the individual’s personality, history, health and cognitive status and social abilities View the person as a passive recipient of care who is always dependent on others Have low expectations of the person’s ability to develop, change and achieve We are not committed to making an active participation approach to work Lack creativity and flexibility and flexibility in thinking about ways of providing care or support Lack patience and tenacity when pursuing active participation goals Have inconsistent approach, and does not integrate active participation into our care practice to the extent that it becomes part and parcel of our daily care practice Changing attitudes is the key to reducing barriers to active participation. Improving society’s attitudes to, and expectations of, people with disabilities is an important part of this involving the individual and all those people who are significant to them is also crucial to success. A.C. 5.1 – Use person-centred thinking to know and act on what is important to the individual In order to enable individual to make an informed choice, both us and the individual first need to think about what all of the available options are. We are then need to look at what are good and bad about each option. Health and safety are important factors and must be put first for us, the individual and anyone else involved. The Mental Capacity Act in other Standards provides the legal framework for capacity and decision making about health and social care and financial decisions which applies to everyone aged over 16. We will need to consider whether the person we are supporting has capacity to make informed decision s or we need a formal mental capacity review. It is important to note that a person is assumed to have capacity unless it is proved otherwise. There is a four-step way to test for capacity: a person must be able to: Understand the information relevant to a decision Retain the information Use the information as part of decision making process Communicate their decision In supporting a person to make a decision, we have a duty to assist the person in all four of these steps. For example, using appropriate communication methods to help the person to understand and communicate. Capacity is assessed specific to each decision and occasion. For example, a person may have capacity to make a decision in the Moring about what to wear, but not later day in deciding if they want to move home. If someone is assessed as lacking capacity, any decision taken on their behalf must be in their best interests and we must consider if there are less restrictive options. For example, if a decision can be delay until a person is less distressed this is the best course of action. However, if a person does have capacity this over-rides what we may consider as an unwise decision. A.C. 5.2 Establish with the individual how they want to be supported Each individual have a formal assessment as part of their care and support plan. The assessment should contain information about the individual and the type of care and support they need. It will provide the most appropriate options for keeping the individual and anyone else as safe as possible. It will also tell us how to do some tasks where these tasks have been risk assessed and the best option has been established. A particular way of moving and handling is recommended for Mr. X because he has health issues that mean he or she can only be moved another way. Mr. X does not like being moved this way and asks to be moved another way. We should always follow the risk assessment. We should report Mr X’s request to our supervisor/manager. If we are appropriately trained in risk assessment and moving and handling and the change Mr X requires is minor, we may be able to make this change. We should never make changes unless we are trained or our supervisor or manager confirms we can make the change. We should always record any changes in Mr X’s wishes and in the way we perform tasks. Every effort should be made to support Mr X to be moved in the way he wants to be moved. He has the right to make this choice but an appropriately trained  person will need to review the risk assessment first and work out if it is safe for all involved for Mr X to be moved in the way he wishes. A.C. 5.3 – Use person-centred thinking to know and respond to how the individual communicates 5.4 – Be Responsive to how an individual makes decisions to support them to have maximum choice and control in their life When an individual has made decision which we feel is risky, we need to make the individual aware of any consequences involved in the decision; however we should not try to influence the individual with our view or opinions. It is the individual’s freedom of choice to make decisions about their own future and support. Providing they have the right information to make an informed choice and have the capacity to understand their choice; it is part of our duty of care to enable them to do so. Referring to Mr. X in 5.2 above, we might not approve of or like the choice he has made. We might need more moving and handling training, perhaps for a specialist piece of equipment. However, the choice is not ours and we are not allowed to influence Mr X. in suppor ting Mr X to make his decision, we need to listen to him and put his wishes and best interests first. This means the service must be provided in the way Mr X would like, as long as it is safe and approved through care and support plans and risk assessment. This is because the choices belong to Mr x, not to us. He needs to make his own decisions in order to feel he is in control of what happens to him. This leads to positive feelings around dignity, pride and satisfaction. If relative or friend has made a decision about individual’s care, support or life that the individual is not happy or comfortable with, we may need to support the individual to question or challenge the decision. It is important that we obtain and understand the facts and reasons surrounding the decision so we can make sure the individual has a clear understanding If the individual remains sure that he or she is not happy with the decision, once he or she has this information, we can work with the individual to support them to challenge the decision. Any changes that are made as a result of this change must be safe for us, the individual and anyone else involved. We should never make changes unless we are trained to do so or our supervisor or manager confirms we can make the change. We should always record any changes in individual’s wishes and in the way we perform tasks.  It is essential that we understand the Mental Capacity Act and how to work within it’s requirements every day with every individual. A.C. 6.1- Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked with wellbeing Spiritual well being is an integral part of mental, emotional and physical health. It can be associated with a specific religion but does not have to be. It is about an individual’s own journey to discover things of importance in their lives and enabling them to find purpose and meaning in life. The effects and impact of spiritual well-being is determined by each individual and can make a huge impact on their lives. Through spiritual well-being, individual can become empowered and realize that even though they have issues, stressors, and challenges, they are not define by their circumstances. In realizing this individual’s gain greater peace, better freedom of self expression, increased manageable over the healing and support process and higher self-esteem. A few of the numerous benefits of spiritual well-being include: Feeling content with our life’s situation Making time to spend alone and find inner peace Taking time to reflect and resolve life’s issues Finding satisfaction in a job well done. Taking part in an active lifestyle rather than merely standing by and watching life as it passes Maintaining balance and control of life Building relationships Feeling purpose and meaning in life Accepting and growing from challenges of life Emotional well-being is based on how individuals feel about themselves. Someone who is emotionally healthy: Understands and adapt to changes Copes with stress Has a positive outlook on life and themselves Has the ability to love and care for others Can act independently to meet his or own needs Everyone, including people who are emotionally healthy, have problems. If something or someone threatens our happiness or well-being, we would feel  uncomfortable emotions such as anger, sadness or fear. When we experience something that enhances our situation, we feel emotions such as joy, satisfaction or a sense of achievement. The way we are brought up and our culture have a great influence on how we feel. They help us to form ideas and decide what we care about. Everyone deals with situations in life differently. What may seem unimportant to our closest friend might be upsetting to us. Sometimes an individual’s self-esteem (the way they feel about themselves) can become so low that everything seems a lot harder to cope with compared with when they are feeling confident. Being emotionally healthy does not mean that we feel happy all the time. Good emotional health is about having lots of different emotions, and being able to accept them and talk about them. Signs that Individuals are not coping well emotionally might include having a lack of self-confidence, having trouble with relationship or feeling unhappy a lot of the time. A.C. – 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s wellbeing Because we are so different and diverse, we have different and diverse views about every subject. We may not approve of or agree with the views of individual we support but our role is about working with them in ways that support their views. The best way to find out about an individual is to ask questions that are not threatening but show us have a genuine interest in the individual. By encouraging them to talk about themselves and listening to their views, as we will learn a great deal about the individuals we work with. Through this learning, we will be able to meet their needs in ways that are sensitive and supportive of their views making individual feel valued. Our role is to support individuals to feel emotional well-being and to feel emotional wellbeing, individuals need to feel: Appreciated, cared about and loved Safe and secure Extra supported when they feel sad, depressed or lonely That they are not a burden but an important priority Listened to and respected Satisfied with relationships Independent and in control of their lives That they have a purpose and meaning to their lives We will need good communication skills and be able to listen but also to encourage individuals and show understanding and support for what is important to them in life. We could suggest that the individual organizes for someone from their faith or community group. It might be possible for someone from the group to organize travel and support arrangements whilst the individual attend the group. A.C. – 6.3 – Support an individual in a way that promotes a sense of identity and self-esteem Each individual’s spirituality is greatly impacted by the community they are a part of and the relationships they take part in. Spiritual wellbeing is not a practice of isolation but rather of affecting and involving the people around the individual. Spiritual well-being groups and sessions could provide an open and save environment to explore, learn, practice, support and heal. This safe-haven offered in such a group is important to individuals who experience difficulties in their lives. Individuals may be able to find spiritual well-being programs in their local areas. These may include group exploration and experimental practices on the topics of meditation, prayer, forgiveness, personal values, and purpose in life, the role of self-esteem in spiritual connection, healthy relationships and developing an authentic relationship with a higher Power, or God. A.C. – 6.4 Demonstrate ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being By promoting an individual’s spiritual and emotional wellbeing, we can help improve their self esteem and make them valued and remain their own person. Building an individual’s self esteem is a first step towards the happiness and emotional well-being of the individuals we support. Focusing on what they can do rather than on what they cannot do, will encourage their independence and feeling of self worth. It is also important to help individuals to deal with stress. Changes in situations and in their ability to do things can cause stress. However, by providing encouragement and positive support we can improve their inner self and quality of life. By providing emotional support, understanding and good quality care, we can improve on individual’s confidence, promoting spiritual and emotional well-being.

Write about live performance of Alicia Keys & Jay-Z - Empire State of Movie Review

Write about live performance of Alicia Keys & Jay-Z - Empire State of Mind - Movie Review Example She engages the crowd by asking their readiness to enjoy the song, a true and a clear sign of quality music. When Jay Z comes in emotions run high which cause an audio adrenaline overload. He comes in a hood a common fashion among followers and people who like the song. It is an orchestral rap Ballard having a tonal piano loop played at first with Alicia keys, who does not only profanity the crowd during the live performance, but also brings out enthusiasm depicted by the crowd. The song has a style of pop rap musical style represented by electropop and orchestral pop. A long range of 84-tempo beat per minute evidences this. The song contains a sample 1970 Billboard R &B chart single which had a title of love on a two way street composed by the moments. The piano component of the song makes the song, more appealing, as it runs through the whole song. The song a sequence of F#-C#/B-B-F of progression. The crashing piano chords of the song are a new Sinatra, which proclaims the essence of new York. N words are present through the song whereby a hip-hop legend prevails upon the entry of Jay Z in the stage. The first line for instance, â€Å"Year, Imma up at Brooklin† is a commemorating Deniro and local dialect stanza, which transforms English words into crowd soothing and moving words. The music is a result of inspiration in Alicia keys about New York. This gets depicted in the original video, which opens, by a slide show of New York City. The slide show is in black and white forms, which is then cut by an opening stanza by Alicia keys before welcoming Jay Z. to make the song rock the crowds and funs, Jay Z and Alicia keys dress in the young generation outfits. During the live performance, various lyrics are used, which contain profanity to capture the attention of funs. In addition, it is a song, which adds dichotomy, in an aggressive way that leaves the crowd, in anxiety and need for more. In conclusion, the song,

Macroeconomics. Unexpected changes in the money supply Essay

Macroeconomics. Unexpected changes in the money supply - Essay Example In that case, however, a monetary disturbance has large effects on relative prices and induces different responses of output in different sectors of the economy. Monetary shocks, in this way, may contribute to sectoral shifts in the economy. Nominal price sluggishness also affects the short-run response of the economy to real disturbances (e.g., to changes in technology), even in sectors of the economy with flexible prices. We begin with a simple flexible-price equilibrium model that we have also examined in Ohanian and Stockman (1994) and (in a two-country framework) in Stockman and Ohanian (1993). The model has two consumption goods, X and Y, and labour. We introduce money through a cash-in-advance constraint, intended to stand in for a more general transactions model of money. We assume, for simplicity, that there are complete asset markets. The representative household maximizes utility: each period. Equation (2) is a budget constraint for period t asset markets and is the cash-in-advance constraint which applies to period t product markets (which immediately follow period t asset markets as in Lucas [1982]). ... The terms x and y refer to consumption of goods X and Y, LX and Ly refer to labour hours producing goods X and Y, 0 is less than or equal to delta First, alpha is a parameter describing tastes. Because Alpha helps determine the equilibrium share of good X in total output, we will vary it in "The Size of the Sticky-Price Sector" subsection of Section 2 to discuss changes in the relative sizes of the X and Y industries. Next, p is the inverse of the intertemporal elasticity of substitution; an increase in p means households are less willing to trade current consumption for future consumption (that is, they are willing to pay more for a more constant consumption stream). The subsection "The Size of Intertemporal Substitution" explains how the size of p affects our results. Third, Sigma is the elasticity of substitution between goods X and Y; a larger sigma means the goods are better substitutes. The impact of the size of sigma on our results is the subject of the subsection "The Size of Intratemporal Substitution." Finally, delta determines the curvature of the production function, with

Writing competency Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing competency Exam - Essay Example By looking at my final paper I think you can see that I have improved in both the things I wanted to when I started the class. For starters, I did quite a lot of research, collecting a total of 11 sources from a variety of different places. These sources covered a number of topics, but also got specific, showing that I was able to understand both the broad picture and the details in my research for the paper. For instance, the sources I got at the beginning of the paper covered the topic from a general perspective, as shown by Kingsolver’s quotes on the different ideas about problems caused by technology. But then, I was able to use several articles from different places to show how widespread these concerns were. Also, even though the topics they covered are not identical, I was able to show enough information so that the reader of my paper got a good idea of each issue and showed how it related to the whole. One other reason for this working is because I organized the paper in a way that went from general to specific before going back to general again. I started with an argument that technology can cause problems as well as solve them. Then, I discussed Kingsolver’s article on the issue. After this, I used specific examples, one after the other, that supported my argument. Finally, in the conclusion of the paper, I briefly talked about what the examples meant before using them to drive home my first argument. I think that this shows I have met the goals I set for myself. However, even though I have improved I think I would like to get even better before I were to start work. For instance, in my future papers I would like to use more books and articles from journals written by professional scholars. That way, I could get even more specific and make an even better argument. I think I can also work on the way I organize my paragraphs and ideas a bit more. In short, even though I may still have a ways to

Analyse the role of peer and self-assessment in the assessment process Essay

Analyse the role of peer and self-assessment in the assessment process - Essay Example In case of weakness, they learn from their mistakes and study how to tame or counter them. This learning method helps to remove the notion that learning is just a passive process where students listen to someone and get what he says. Here one listens to themselves and their peers. This process makes students more involved in the learning process. The more involved they are, the more effective the learning process is. David klob defines self-assessment learning as a process a spiral learning way, which takes into consideration all the fundamentals of learning. These are thinking, reflecting, experiencing, and acting. This makes it very effective (Lippincott, J. 1999, 67). This learning method also helps one to know the requirements that they need in order to achieve a certain goal. Having known their strengths and weakness, this is easier since they know the target they have to set for certain disciplines. They tend to know their expectations, and how to achieve them. Self-assessment can be used in two ways. It can be used in a summative or formative way. In most cases, it is used formatively. In formative ones, peer sets their standards for them; whereas, summative mostly includes the use of group work to set ones target (Catherine. 2011, 25). Lippincott, J. K., 1999. Collaboration Between Librarians And Information Technologists A Case Study Employing Kolbs Experiential Learning Theory, Thesis (Ph. D.)--University Of Maryland at College

Marketing Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Law and Ethics - Essay Example Organizations today have to adhere to the minimum environmental and ethical standards while conducting their operations locally or globally (Schlegelmilch, 1998, p.7). The project seeks to present some of major ethical issues faced by organizations. In this context the case of British petroleum oil spill would be considered and the various CSR that the organization undertook thereafter. The company has been criticised of being responsible for some of the major safety and environmental accidents. Since then the company has been involved in a number of socially responsible activities and voiced their concern for the climatic changes arising out of such businesses. It has also tried to implement practices of curtailing the emission of greenhouse gases. The project then seeks to analyze and evaluate the interactions between the marketing practices and the moral, legal and ethical environment in which the company operates. ... These factors have not only been resulting in loss of the company’s goodwill but have also generated huge revenue losses. As the company accounts for a major strength of the economy, earning a bad reputation would eventually result in a shock for the British economy (Lustgarten, 2010). The thought that the company has not been acting in socially responsible manner causes damage to the economy as well. CSR activities must be such which contributes to the economy while a poor CSR causes damage to the economic benefit of the nation on the whole (Werther & Chandler, 2010, p.28). BP has also been accused of a number of major accidents which has caused injuries to workers working in the company. This has been responsible for the arrival of a number of legal issues. A number of rules and compliances have come up for safeguarding the interest of workers. Companies have to specially abide by such compliances in the form of compensating for the loss of workers in case they meet accident s and injuries during the time of service. Companies have to implement sufficient safety standards for ensuring the safety of workers and their wellbeing. Criticisms regarding ethical issues were pointed at the company when it was charged of manipulating the prices of propane. In fact In that case, it had to settle the issue with the United States Department of Justice. Moreover it had to make a payment of $300 million in the form of fines for the purpose. This can be considered to be a case of ethical failure of the firm. The above accidents and incidents also reflect the status of moral standards followed in the company. The families of those workers meeting with accidents in the company have been claiming compensation on

Length paragraphs project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Length paragraphs project - Essay Example On the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1998), the UN also celebrated the tenth anniversary of the Vienna Convention on Drug Trafficking, and reaffirmed the resolve to intensify international efforts to eradicate this evil. This paper attempts to briefly examine the impact of laws and policies in this ongoing war, and to suggest possible changes and measures in order to accelerate the pace of international efforts in curbing the drugs menace. The war against drugs has assumed global dimensions, and almost resembles the crusades. The problem has apparently assumed alarming proportions primarily due to years of inaction by several governments, apart from the lack of clear policies, laws, and implementing machinery relating to drugs. Increasing drug use as such is not seen as the major culprit in compounding the crisis. It is estimated that in the U.S. alone, illegal drug trafficking accounts for over 8% of international trade revenues, totaling US$400 billion annually (Riley, 2001). Among other things, the evils propagated by the mushrooming drug industry include the following: â€Å"The need for an integrated approach to drug control is now well accepted, and was endorsed by the international community with the establishment in 1990 of the UN’s Global Program of Action† (Knaack, 1995, p. 349). This Program set out to implement â€Å"balanced strategies that are comprehensive and multidisciplinary in scope† and targeted at â€Å"combating all aspects of drug abuse and illicit trafficking† (1995), apart from tackling certain other related problems, such as: Unless tougher, more consistent and better-organized international action can be mounted against trafficking, we will continue to pour tens of thousands of billions of dollars into the ‘war against drugs’ without rooting out the evil. The potential profits are so enormous that major traffickers will always have an interest in stimulating demand and

Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work Essay

Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work - Essay Example This research paper examines that through the concept of neighborhood policing, it is clear that better solutions through cooperative efforts are being achieved. With the widespread use of these teams and the success with which they have been met, it is possible that this idea could be extended to include a greater number of community services so that through police and social services interactions, more individuals can be helped before harm comes to the community. With a wider social cooperative effort, it may be that crimes can be prevented through an understanding of events from a larger perspective. The success of this system has been through the cooperation of authoritative efforts, but this success suggests that wider use could be of service to the communities. The idea of community policing or neighborhood policing was developed in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel who was looking for a way to create a more community ideal of law enforcement. In the early 21st century, after some prelim inary efforts that started in the 1980s, Parliament has supported the idea of creating teams in communities with the intention of creating a safer nation. As a result, decreases have been seen in the crimes that specific areas have mostly been concerned about for their neighborhoods. Through cooperation, the development of these teams has put a force based on presence and interactions that have allowed for a better assessment of what is occurring so that regionally specific solutions can be developed.

MGMT 4440 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGMT 4440 - Essay Example Performance management provides much value to the organization. It helps ensure the goals are met on a timely basis, that people are cooperative with one another and management, and also ensures higher quality outputs. Once performance standards have been established, it can strengthen relationships with managers and employees through results-based rewards if they meet these standards. Basically, for the organization, it ensures that long-term strategic goals are met and the systems are in place that help everyone reach that outcome. For the individual, performance management can give them more perceptions of authority and autonomy in the business. By using systems such as the 360 degree feedback system or the regular annual appraisal, it shows the business values them as a critical resource in the company. It can also strengthen their personal development and training that might lead to promotions or better job opportunities with less management presence if they contribute properly. It can also enhance their problem-solving and communication skills (Tarricone & Luca, 55). Question 2 The term business is behavior means that â€Å"a business succeeds or fails through the performance of all of its employee’s efforts and successes† (authorstream.com, 2). ... Attitude at the employee level is everything in order to gain positive growth in competitive advantage. The unbreakable behavior law are those behaviors that do not change over time that are long-standing values associated with cultural beliefs or strong personal psychological and personality factors. These are part of the person’s overall value system and do not change without major investment from management. Behavior is considered key to quality because so much of the organization relies on human attitude, loyalty, motivation and commitment. For example, an employee who is unhappy with their job role might lead to higher turnover at the company that can cost budget and labor in human resources to find their replacement or correct worker errors. Employees need to be team-focused and responsible and, without these attitudes and behaviors, the company’s reputation could be affected at the customer level. Question 3 Pinpointing is having an exact understanding of the beh aviors or attitudes that the business wishes to change through performance management processes and systems. It is â€Å"knowing in precise detail the behaviors that you want influenced† and how to go about it (quogroup.com, 2). For example, if a company’s long-term goals are to improve training and development, pinpointing is identifying which specific areas need improvement and then establishing systems to make sure this becomes a reality. It is a targeted process that is specific and streamlined to assist managers in development programs. Pinpointing is relevant for performance management because PM is so goal-oriented and related to strategic mission and vision. For example, if the company’s goal is to completely change the information

African American Oral Tradition Essay Example for Free

African American Oral Tradition Essay Modern African American Literature was formed under a stressful time for Africans, slavery. The only way the stories of the indigenous people of Africa were passed down was through oral recollections, or stories of the events. In America this was especially difficult for the slaves because of laws preventing them from learning English. By not being allowed to learn English, the slaves had to learn English solely on auditory purposes. This essentially made the slaves illiterate. When the slaves transferred the language that they heard to paper, a new style of language was formed which was referred to as dialect. Dialect is what the slaves thought they heard and the correct spelling of those words, not standard English. Dunbar, who wrote fluently in both standard English and dialect was praised by white critics only for his dialect poems, and not praised for his poems in standard English. His literacy works are still alive today, however the dialect works were attached with a stigma. Usually whites despised the African’s dialect. Therefore, the slaves would not try to publish any type of work with dialect because the slaves did not want to be associated with the stigma. In all, by creating a unique dialect gave the slaves a bilingual type of style. By not being able to write, slaves also made Genres such as, spiritual, folk songs and gospels. Songs such as these were ways of passing down stories to the next generation. These songs also contained secret messages. These messages may have contained information about escape routes or even the underground- railroad. However most of the songs were spiritual in nature. The songs also progressed through the years. The originals slave folk songs, spirituals, and gospels are now prevalent in modern day jazz and the blues. Martin even gives the example of Hayden, who mixes his song ideas with the ideas of Bessie Smith. Even though African are allowed to read and write, this is a form how their culture is still expressed today. Martin made the emphasis that the oral tradition is part of the African Americans distinct culture.

An Inch Closer to My Dream Essay Example for Free

An Inch Closer to My Dream Essay My exposure to my father’s dental practice has effectually inspired me to pursue a profession along a similar line. This dream has become an ultimate priority at this point in my life. It is my dream and I would do anything just to reach that dream, understanding the time, effort, and good work ethic that the dream requires. As a dentist, my father has specialized in implant surgery, and firsthand, I was able to see how his work transformed the lives of his patients – not only changing them physically, but changing more profoundly the way they looked at themselves and the world. I am a Korean, majoring in Art and I went to the United States to study Biology instead at California State University, Northridge. I have discovered that this degree has fully maximized my potential and it led me to the path where I am most fulfilled. Science is very essential to everyone’s existence and I cannot bear not to think critically of what is happening around us. It was very stimulating for me to solve problems of nature and life that I would wish to extend my study and earn a Master’s degree within the same field. I am very looking forward of pursuing functional anatomy, physiology, genetics, and embryology. My reason for pursuing oral biology at NYU is not merely because it is to my personal preference or liking. While that is one factor, I have also considered wanting to contribute to the betterment of Korean society in my own little way. I feel that through oral biological research, I would be able to make a dent in our social fabric, discovering new things about cures for diseases or mechanisms of seemingly untreatable illnesses. This has been a personal mission because I have had the chance to be exposed to indigent communities who are in dire need of help. Through oral biological research, I may be able to help these communities alleviate their poverty within my own sphere of influence. My volunteer work at my father’s clinic has allowed me to foster this desire to help other people authentically through the dental arts. Fortunately, I was enhance familiarity with dental procedures, including orthodontic treatment, root canal, prophylaxis, x-rays, among others. The idea alone of being able to make a difference in people’s lives, through oral biology, excites me. It makes me even more eager to pursue my course and be very competent biologist. Apart from wanting to help impoverished communities, I have also taken careful note of the level of scientific progress that Korea has attained. Unofrtunately, it is not as advanced as first world countries such as the United States. Thorugh my own contribution, I would like to see the advancement of science in my home country. I would love pursue my studies in a different university and I chose New York University to broaden my horizons, and gain new perspectives from a different environment and from different set of individuals. I believe that I can learn more by being exposed to a diverse culture and New York is the right place. Being able to study in New York, and also later work there is a great opportunity for me. Moreover, the Graduate Program in Oral Biology fits perfectly to my needs. Going through NYU’s website, I am filled with excitement as I realize that this course shall accord me with a solid foundation in the oral biological sciences, which are more specifically targetd at teaching and research. Some areas which I am particularly interested with are periodontal and caries microbiology, chemical carcinogenesis, mechanisms of mineralization, periodontal wound healing, and tumor immunology. I also believe that this school only produces the best, and I want to become the person I would be proud of in the future. This is where I should start my future. I think that exposure to various cultures shall also help me grow significantly as a person and professional. I will be able to learn how to deal with people with different backgournds, upbringing, and cultural heritage. Because I shall have the chance to interact with them frequently, I will be able to understand and respect their culture. This is very important, since stereotypes cause people to make biased decisions, which lead to social inequity. I would love to think that my enrollment in the university will help me become more impartial to race / color. I feel that the thrusts put forth by the university are strongly consistent with those that I personally uphold. I have high hopes that I will qualify to form part of this prestigious institution. It will surely be a privilege that I will take profound pride in. And because of such pride, I will work hard to excel academically. The ultimate goal is for me to become a competent professional – to be able to contribute substantially to humanitarian causes.

Examining The Changing Media Scene In India Media Essay

Examining The Changing Media Scene In India Media Essay INTRODUCTION The media scene in India is changing very fast, especially in the past decade. On one hand, new media are emerging and affecting the existing ones. On the other hand, the consumption patterns of the media users are also undergoing a lot of transformations. Post independence, the development of media was rather slow and unexciting. For twenty five years after independence, the growth of media such as print, cinema and radio followed a gradual and uneventful path, progressing slowly and steadily. Pressures of urbanization, growing literacy and development in technology did not affect the media significantly. The scenario was such a sad one that neither inter nor intra- media competition existed. This obviously translated into the fact that there was no strategy or planning on the part of the media. Essentially media marketing itself was an alien concept for most of the newspaper owners and the sole television operator Doordarshan. The first strains of change on this static environment were observed in the early eighties. These changes were introduced through technology: the development of grafting techniques in press and in electronics. The implications were two fold. On the first level, the reach of media was expanded and on the second level, the people were given more choice. Introduction of glossies among print titles, the expansion of the television network, establishing a radio commercial channel suddenly made life more exciting and entertaining for the vast majority of the urbanites. It was now, for the first time, that audiences were getting segmented by the titles introduced, new markets were opening up and a large number of people were coming under the media exposure. Another interesting fact during this time was the development of a new relationship between the media and the audiences. Media patterns changed once again when sponsored programs on television became a regular feature. This initiative, along with the development and popularity of home videos changed the entire equation. People stopped frequenting cinemas, since the same films were conveniently available at home. Magazine readership also declined in favor of videos. Television, however, maintained its regular set of viewers during the period. It became a veritable obsession with the people. Programs such as the Mahabharat and the Ramayan were the opium of the masses. Now, television delivered important audience segments such as women, the rural affluent and children. At about the same time, easy access to technology and developing markets pushed publishers to add on new editions as well as supplements. THE GLOBAL BEGINNING Another change in the media environment came with the Invasion of the Skies in the early nineties. Satellite television found its way into India through CNN and the Star Network during the Gulf War. The monopoly of Doordarshan came to an end and there were multiple channels, giving the Indian viewer a choice of programs he had never been exposed to before. This, needless to say, introduced heavy competition among the channels and thus the programs contents also improved. Finally, Doordarshan had to deal with the fact that it was not the king of the skies any more: for the first time in India, the television viewer had the choice of deciding what to watch from over 50 channels. Faced with heavy competition, it had to revamp and introduce new channels in the metros and in regional areas. The competition became intense even within the satellite television players with the influx of regional channels and more and more international quality programming. It was realized that only those players who can adopt a market-savvy, strategic approach to differentiate their programming from the rest shall be able survive the media jungle. Developments in wireless technologies and their decreasing costs have created opportunities for faster deployment of telecommunications services. This speed is critical for developing countries especially in rural areas, as the role of telecommunications in development is more significant for them. The uptake of wireless technologies has been rapid in most developing countries. For the most part, these have been cellular networks that operate in the licensed bands. The unparalleled growth of mobile service (operating in licensed bands) in almost all countries of the world has been driven by both technology as well as deregulation. While the rapid spread of such networks is unprecedented, it has so far been limited to urban and semi-urban areas. Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE): It is considered to be one of the biggest techno-social communication experiments in education and rural development. The one-year experiment (August 1975 July 1976) aimed to provide direct broadcasting of instructional and educational television in 2400 villages in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan. Over 500 conventional television sets spread over 335 villages in Kheda district, Gujarat was also part of SITE. Satellite technologists had called SITE as leapfrogging from bullock cart stage to satellite communication, which did not discriminate between rural poor and urban rich for information and communication. It had given 50 years communication lead to rural poor of the country. SITE provided telecast for rural primary school children in the age group 5 12 years studying in grades 1-5. Rural adults viewed television programs on improved agricultural practices, health and family planning. They were also able to view news. Television was considered as window to the world. Both quantitative (survey) and qualitative in-depth (anthropological holistic study) evaluation indicated modest gains in some areas, whereas no gain or negative gain in other areas. The one-year duration was thought to be too little for any positive results. Based on the experiences and positive gains, INSAT satellite was launched in 1981. Since then a series of INSAT satellites have been launched and used for nationwide television telecast for education and deve lopment. The sad part is that, in spite of best efforts, satellite television has been used for entertainment more than rural development. The other research says that access to satellite TV is of surprising value to the lives of rural Indian women and villagers in general. School enrolment among girls, family planning, hygiene, awareness about diseases and many more such milestones have been achieved by the electronic media. The newly wired women also has become less accepting of spousal abuse, a bias in favor of having boys declined, and they look more likely to be able to spend money without a husbands permission. However, shows on satellite TV tend to focus on urban areas, where womens status is higher and are shown leading extravagant lifestyles. The rural people are not able to associate with those programs and shows. Customization as per rural needs has recently begun and has been appreciated even by the urban crowd. People are getting exposed to a set of attitudes that are more liberal, that are more favorable toward women, and they are changing their minds in response to that. Change is inevitable. Government h as taken initiatives to start many such programs to generate awareness, some ran for years, others could never come out of papers and the rest bombed after the take off. Few project initiatives were: Project Project Partners Outcomes Country wide classrooms UGC, CEC and 17 other universities where media centers are located 10,000 programs produced and telecast on National TV till date School Television in India CIET and 6 state Institutes of Educational Technology Programs produced and run on national TV till date Gyan Darshan HRD, IB, Prasar Bharti, IGNOU The program runs 24 hrs and is handled by IGNOU Gyan Vani Reached out to backward communities, distant education and counseling Namma Dhwani (voices) UNESCO Educational and development oriented informal programs Gujarat Community Radio Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan, DMC, Ahmedabad Non- formal education and social issues, esp. for women Jhabua Development Communication Program ISOR, GoMP Literacy, health and non- formal education, watershed management RADIO AS A MEDIUM Radio, as a mass medium, is particularly suited to communicate in the local dialect and idiom, thereby establishing a personal connection between the broadcaster and the listener. That has not, however, been achieved in India because of the bureaucratic stranglehold on radio. Development, as a process meant to empower the poor, reduce exploitation, and oppression by those having economic, social, and political power. It also means an equitable sharing of resources, improved health care and education for all. One of the major components and driving force of rural development is communication. Conventionally, communication includes electronic media, human communication now information technology (IT). All forms of communications have dominated the development scene in which its persuasive role has been most dominant within the democratic political framework of the country. Persuasive communication for rural development has been given highest priority for bringing about desirable socia l and behavioral change among the most vulnerable rural poor and women. Initially, the approach lacked gender sensitivity and empathy of the communicators and development agents who came from urban elite homes. Added to these constraints is political will that still influences the pace and progress of rural development. Communication has been seen by a large number of development planners as a panacea for solving major social ills and problems. Apart from development, the introduction of communication in the educational process for open and distance learning is seen as step towards improving the quality of education and bridging the social and educational gap (Agrawal 1993). However, experience indicates that those rich who could afford to have access to private resources have hogged the advantage whether development or education. In this respect, it seems that communication technology has, in no way has helped the poor for improving their socio-economic condition. ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR) India presents huge challenges to any broadcasting institution that aspires to serve the whole nation. All India Radio (AIR), the state-run monopoly, was expected to take these challenges on and help build a modern nation state with an egalitarian social democracy. Approximately 303 news bulletins are aired daily, of which 93 are intended for national listeners, whereas regional stations originate 135 news bulletins daily. In addition, there are special bulletins on sports, youth, and other major events, such as the annual Haj to Mecca by Muslims or the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad. More than 80 stations in the AIR network broadcast radio dramas in various languages. Forty percent of the broadcast time, however, is set aside for classical, light, folk, and film music. The External Service, set up to act as a cultural ambassador, airs 65 news bulletins in 16 foreign and eight Indian languages. In addition, magazine programs on sports and literature; talk shows on sociopolitical-economic is sues; and classical, folk, and modern Indian music from different regions of the country are broadcast. But the results have not been that healthy, the reasons being many folds. AIRs heavily bureaucratic ways have been the major impediment to innovation and creativity. In a highly pluralistic society with incredible linguistic, caste, and class differences, AIR has attempted not to offend any group. Controversial social and community welfare issues take a back seat while popular film music dominates. Regional language radio stations beam programs to the whole state in a formal dialect, which renders it stiff and official. As a consequence, most people find AIR boring. Radio for Rural Development: Popularly known as Radio Farm Forum, it was one of the earliest efforts in the use of radio for rural development. The experiment was carried out from February to April 1956 in five districts of Maharashtra State by All India Radio (AIR). Rural listener groups were organized, who would listen to radio broadcasts twice a week at 6.30 p.m. for half an hour. The group then stayed together for discussion of what they had heard, the discussion lasted usually, about half an hour. The summative impact evaluation indicated positive outcome of radio rural forum. Impressive knowledge gains as a result of radio listening were reported across illiterates and literates, agriculturists and non-agriculturists, village leaders and others. However, over a period of time the project withered away and could not be operationalized for large-scale implementation in one form or the other. Lack of political will and indifference of bureaucracy killed the rural development proje ct even before it could help poor to take advantage of radio broadcast. Satellite radio for education EDUSAT, according to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), is the first exclusive satellite for serving the educational sector. The satellite has multiple regional beams covering different parts of India, which theoretically enables programs to be broadcast in relevant local languages EDUSAT can provide connectivity to schools, colleges and higher levels of education and also support non-formal education including developmental communication. But it is a matter of concern that, over a year after the satellite was launched, much of its capacity is lying idle. Community Radio Initiative: In post media liberalization phase, Government of India, announced the policy for community radio broadcasting which was expected to focus on issues relating to education, health, environment, agriculture, rural and community development. In the absence of true community radio in India, a number of NGOs are using innovative methods for non-formal education through audio. School Audio through cable has been in operation in Budhikote village, Karnataka, since January 2002. The School Audio project is a spin-off of the Namma Dhwani cable audio service. In the Kutch region of Gujarat, the Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS), an independent organization of rural women, focuses on adolescent girls education, basic functional literacy within sangathan members and development of context specific educational curricula on different issues for literates and neo-literates. Shivpuri, MP launched a radio station, Dharkan 107.8 FM, to give educational messages through humor featuring Ms. Adivasi as a difficult mother-in-law arguing against exclusive breastfeeding. Vandana Dube, the stations first manager, helps to produce programs on hygiene, health and the importance of education. She said that listening groups, which have formed throughout the district, are having a major impact. In particular, more women are now contributing to important debates on caste discrimination, female foeticide and female empowerment issues that concern them directly. UNICEF Image CONCLUSION There is no single ideal format for educational radio. Innovative programming offers some very effective approaches to non-formal education over radio. Recently, AIR agreed to a proposal from Sesame Workshop India to provide airtime on national and regional radio channels for locally produced versions of the universally popular Sesame Street. The programs would be aimed at pre-school goers, and would also provide under-served children with access to educational media, especially in rural areas. All the same, it has been amply proved that radio rightly used can improve educational quality and relevance, lower educational costs and improve access to education, particularly for disadvantaged groups. It is most effective when supported by trained facilitators, group learning, group discussion, feedback and the use of multimedia approaches.

Napster :: essays research papers

As I sat in front of my computer downloading my favorite song from Napster, I started to think about how hard it must have been to write a song so sublime with the way the words flow from one another, and how talented one must be to do so. I started to think how hard people work on their music for themselves and their fans, and how their fans don’t realize what they are doing every time they download a song off the internet. What they don’t realize is that it is messing over the people who worked so hard pouring out their heart and soul into their music for everyone to enjoy. They are the people who are responsible for the music, not the people who work at Napster, or any of the other shafting music networks, who are embezzling from the people we all admire for the way they can flow out those heartwarming words. These words move us to the point that we want to cry, and sometimes do. These words we listen to when we want to go off into our own little world, and think ab out an extraordinary moment we once had that makes our sorrows disappear. These words remind us of a passed loved one who was once forgotten, and never to be again. They are the people who put their heart and soul into their music; these are people we use so selfishly and don’t even realize how much blood sweat and tears they shed just to put out quality words. They are the people we take for granted, and they are the people who sometimes take us, their fans, for granted as well, they are the artists themselves. File sharing is what it is thought as, but I don’t see it that way. I see it as theft, music theft; most commonly know as shafting. Every day people use shafting and think nothing of it. People sit in front of their computers and go to their favorite website and download file after file with out thinking how or where it comes from. They think it is just there for the taking and it is. Shafting is a trend that has just begun, but only time will tell how far it w ill go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shafting has gone further then anyone would have ever imagined, one man and his website Napster are responsible for all of this; Napster has not only changed the music industry forever; it has also changed American culture forever.

Uncle Toms Cabin: Stowes Paradoxical Christian Message Essay

Uncle Tom's Cabin: Stowe's Paradoxical Christian Message Perhaps the greatest criticism levied against Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is that it comprises of nothing more than Victorian sentimentality, and that the death of its two moral exemplars, Tom and Little Eva, do little which actually remedies the injustices of slavery. Critic Ann Douglas sees the novel as emblematic of the "feminization of American culture," which in religious terms figures as "a move away from the morally forceful Calvinism to the sloppiness of the humanistic cult of gentle Jesus" (Rachel Bowlby's paraphrase, 205). In order to recoup the novel from such charges, critics such as Jane Tompkins have attempted to demonstrate that the novel's coupling of sentimentality and Christianity results in far more than a luxuriating in lachrymose emotions. For Tompkins, the force behind the novel's sentimental Christianity is its subversion of the power hierarchy. Incidents like the deaths of Tom and Little Eva enact a "theory of power" in which "the powerless die to save the power ful and corrupt, and thereby show themselves more powerful than those they save" (128). Thus, the traditional locus of power, is in effect, decentered, and religious faith gives marginalized figures like slaves, children, and women a power, to which in strictly secular terms, they have no access. One problem with readings which stress the salvific function of the deaths of Tom and Little Eva is their failure to account for the novel's self-conscious acknowledgment of the social forces which constantly challenge the brand of Christianity which it advocates. The Christian message of Uncle Tom's Cabin is ultimately paradoxical. On the one hand, the examples of Tom and Little Eva demonstrate ... ...f sustaining one's Christianity within the context of slavery, as well as the limitations of the individual's power to challenge such a large institution. George, in deferring his acceptance of Christianity until he reaches a place of freedom, ultimately comes closest to Stowe's agenda of establishing a true Christian nation, uncorrupted by slavery, on earth. Works Cited: Bowlby, Rachel. "Breakfast in America--Uncle Tom's Cultural Histories." Nation and Narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. New York, NY: Routledge Press, 1990, 197-212. O'Connel, Catherine E. "`The Magic of the Real Presence of Distress': Sentimentality and Competing Rhetorics of Authority." The Stowe Debate. Eds. Mason I. Lowance, Jr., Ellen E Westbrook, R.C. De Prospo. Amherst, MA: U. Massachusetts Press, 1994, 13-36. Tompkins, Jane. Sensational Designs. New York, NY: Oxford U. Press, 1985.

Women in the Second Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers

Women in the Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution had a major impact on women's lives. After being controlled fro so long women were experiencing what it was like to live an independent life. In the late nineteenth century women were participating in a variety of experiences, such as social disabilities confronted by all women, new employment patterns, and working class poverty and prostitution. These experiences will show how women were perceived in the Second Industrial Revolution. Women were confronted by many social obligation in the late nineteenth century. Women were living lives that reflected their social rank. They were expected to be economically dependent and legally inferior. No matter what class women were in, men were seen as the ones who go to work and make the money. That way, the women would have to be dependent since they were not able to go to work and make a good salary. No matter what class a woman was in, she could own property in her own name. When a woman became married she " lost control of any property she owned, inherited, or earned" ( Kagan et al. 569). A woman's legal identity was given to her husband. Getting a divorce was very difficult, most nations would not even end a marriage by having legal consent. Court trials were expensive which made it hard for a women to afford. Even if a divorce was granted the women would not receive anything. The children, land, house, and all of her belongings would be given to the man. If the father choose he could take the children away from the mother at any time and give them to someone else to raise and care for. The illustration above represents the typical appearence of a woman during the re... ...en started taking more of a stand on their beliefs. Women's movements started forming, which made it possible for women to get a higher education. Women became more intelligent and confident in their abilities to fight for more rights such as voting, higher pay in their jobs, and to be treated equally. Today women are the product of hard work and achievement and continue to gradually overcome their minority status. Works Cited 1. http://www.colby.edu/personal/rmscheck/GermanyB4.html 2. http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/bnf/bnf0006.html 3. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1873anthony.html 4. http://www.theblackswan.com/review/bits22.html 5. http://sol.slcc.edu/distance/inet/ecn274/women/education_1900.htm 6. Kagan, Donald et al. The Western Heritage Brief Edition. Prentice Hall, inc.1996. 7. Roberts, Nickie.Whores in History. Harper Collins, 1992.

Primary Essay

â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation†. This is the first line of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Martian Luther King’s speech took place after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He voiced this speech to millions of people both blacks and whites. This speech is one of the greatest speeches of the civil rights movement, because it has many rhetorical tropes such as; repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, metaphors and ethos. Martin Luther King Jr. uses a lot of repetition in his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. They are scattered throughout the speech but in very close proximities of each other. One of the repetitions in his â€Å"I Have a dream†. Not only is this the name of the speech of the speech but in today’s world it has become a commo n phrase used in everyday life as people announce their dream to either themselves or loved ones. The phrase is even used by children who dare to dream big. Martian Luther King Jr. uses this phase to show what he sees in the future of America. One of the phrases he uses with it is: â€Å"I have dream the one day this nation will and live out the true meaning of its creed: we hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.† Another is â€Å"I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their nature. I have a dream today.† That part of the speech was very personal and touching. Using his own children as an example helped to touch people where the heart is. Repeating â€Å"I Have a Dream† helped people to start thinking about their own personal dreams that they might have had also. Two other repetitions Martin Luther King Jr. uses is â€Å"Let freedom ring† and â€Å"Free at last†, but I will be using those phrases in another part of this analyzed paper. In Martin Luther King Jr. speech he also uses many assonances and consonances. These are the most occurring and mostly found toward the end of his speech. One of them is â€Å"Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!† This was the last word of the speech. He used this phrase to show all the listeners that African Americans have come so far and fought so hard  to get where we are today. Even though today there are many forms of slavery today, but it is nowhere near as bad as it was when slavery first started. That phrase was a very strong and powerful closing. It more than likely gave African Americas to strength and mind set to believe that the world is not what it used to be. It gave African Americans the mind set to move forward in life and stop dreading on the past. Martin Luther King Jr was trying to get us to open our mind set to see a greater tomorrow. Others are â€Å"molehill of Mississippi†, â€Å"Lookout Mountain†, â€Å"curvaceous peaks of California†, and â€Å"Rockies of Colorado†. They all have a poetic feeling to them. Martin Luther King Jr. uses pathos in his speech as well as many other things. He uses pathos to appeal to all the people who were truly listening to his speech’s emotions. One of the things he says to appeal to their emotions are, â€Å"When will we be satisfied? We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of cities. Martin Luther King Jr. is basically saying that it is time for African American to stop moving and letting the white people take what is ours. Martin Luther King Jr. once again wants us to open our minds and see the foolery that the white people have dragged us through. Martin Luther King Jr. also says, â€Å"I have a dream that my four children will on day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character†. As I stated earlier while speaking on the repetition of â€Å"I have a dream†, that phrased grabbed attention to all those people in the audience who had children and also wished the same things for them. No parent want their child to suffer the way they did. Most parents pray to God that there children have a life that is tenfold of their own. Logos means reason. Martin Luther King Jr. uses logos to show why he is delivering this speech and why he wants things to change. He is delivering this speech to show how many blacks and other races, that weren’t being treated equally, really did not have freedom like they should. â€Å"It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro†. â€Å"Instead of honoring the sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds’†. These quotes are just a couple of the logos quotes Martin Luther King Jr said in his speech. Metaphors, which is another useful rhetorical trope, are essential to help audiences fully understand an idea as it compares an idea with something the audience is familiar with, which is important to bring out modes such as ethos and pathos. King uses a series of more complicated metaphors in the middle of his essay. He claims that by the Constitution and Declaration of Independence,† the forefathers of America were â€Å"signing a promissory note† that all men, whatever color, would be granted the same rights. However, King then says in the view of the Negroes, the US government have given the Negroes a â€Å"bad check,† a bad check that does not promise them the same results that have been given to the white population. Later on. King says that many equal rights activists have been â€Å"battered by the storms of persecution† and the â€Å"winds of police brutality.† Through this metaphor. King paints the upholders of the Jim Crow laws, the laws suppressing blacks, in a bad light. These two metaphors both relate to ethos as the first metaphor invokes the ethic of keeping your promises while the second metaphor involves torture, something which most of the American population was against. Finally, King uses several last metaphors when he writes that with faith, it is possible to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a â€Å"beautiful symphony of brotherhood.† This metaphor, on the other hand, is related to pathos as the audience immediately feels good due to the king’s choice of words. All of these metaphors are aimed to make the audience realize that continued racial in justice will lead to total chaos while racial equality leads to a beautiful society. Overall, the metaphors King uses are effective to support the ethos and pathos as they make the audience realize that the U.S. has cheated the Negros, that those who uphold the Jim Crow laws are evil and that it is possible to transform the U.S. society. In conclusion, Martin Luther King, Jr’s most famous speech was the I Have a Dream† speech given in 1963 during one of the most famous marches in history, the 200,000-strong â€Å"March on Washington For Jobs and Freedom.† At the time, America was in the grips of racism and segregation, making the lives of many blacks living hell. â€Å"I Have a Dream,† however, played a major step into changing it. It managed to inspire a generation of blacks to never give up and made thousands of white Americans bitterly ashamed of their actions, forging a new start for society. Even now, it continues to make generations of people, not just Americans, to give up their racist beliefs and advocate social  colorblindness. W ithout King, America would be probably still heavily segregated. Other than the speech’s heartwarming and moving content, King’s effective structure along with the usage of all three rhetorical modes and certain rhetorical tropes and schemes has revealed the reason â€Å"I Have a Dream† as a masterpiece of rhetoric and it persuades hundreds of thousands of people support the blacks instead of treating them unfairly. Works Cited â€Å"The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change.† The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. â€Å"Rhetorical Analysis of the â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech.† Teen Ink. Web. 13 Feb. 2014 â€Å"Free Martin Luther King I Have a Dream Essays and Papers | Martin Luther King I Have a Dream Essays and Papers | Sorted by Rating. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Laconi, Ally. â€Å"How to Write a Primary Source Analysis | EHow.† EHow. Demand Media, 16 May 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2014.

Geo100 Brisbane Floods

ESSAY As immanent disasters are inevitable, it is essential that we as humans extenuate the potential exposecomes caused by these disasters. This see provide explore the 2011 photo downpours of Brisbane and whether prim plan and readiness could lease denigrated the outcome. It will gain ground explore the impact the Wivenhoe dekametre had on the engluts and discuss whether dam support aim supplies and precedents could take a crap supported. December 2010 and January 2011 apothegm Queensland experience record-breaking rain downf all in all that has non been seen since 1960.Approximately 1 000 millimetres of rainfall was recorded in January alone, which caused the southward biggest outflow Brisbane has experienced since 1974 (Hornet & McAneney, 20111150). The 2011 engorges caused life- little terrorening devastation finishedout Brisbane with over 26 000 people loosing their homes and over 5 000 businesses nigh the city each partially or completely flooded. It further caused roughly cardinal kindergartens and sixty schools to be affected and unusable. even the greatest devastation was the loss of cardinal peoples lives as a direct result of the floods (Calligeros, 20114).The Queensland Government also suffered a major financial repercussion from the floods. Over 440 billion dollars was spent in repairing roads, bridges, power poles and other state-supported facilities that were sunk (PM With Mark Colvin 2011). This kind of spending by the Government caused guesswork that if proper planning and preparation been implemented, the Brisbane floods could prepare been mitigated. This speculation further lead to the investigating of whether the Wivenhoe dam up helped or hindered the floods.The Wivenhoe Dam opened in 1985 later the great Brisbane floods of 1974 occurred and was seen as a ascendent to prevent further floods from happening again. each(prenominal) the dams, creeks and rivers border the Wivenhoe Dam were connected that both potential overflow could run slap-up into the Wivenhoe and in that respectof discharge in stripped-down take chances of over flow. However what occurred in 2011 was non what was intend when building Wivenhoe many years earlier. Wivenhoe Dam was built to hold a peeing supply of 1. 5 billion millilitres of piddle, with a capacity to hold 1. 45 million millilitres at Full Supply take aim or FSL. The 30 million-millilitre difference was allocated as a reserve for floodwater musical arrangements to help mitigate inundate (Honert & McAneney, 20111152). Although a reserve direct had been allocated in the dam, the issue was that there had been eternal and hard rainfall in the former spring months. This led to the Wivenhoe catchments universe relatively sound prior to the downpour that occurred in the December 2010 and January 2011.This rain further caused the surrounding rivers and creeks to overflow causing minor river flooding, with water thusly starting to flow into Wivenhoe to help prevent major flooding. Leading up to the floods Wivenhoe peaked at 1. 50pm on Wednesday twelfth of January reaching an astounding 2. 29 million millilitres. ( collar vermiform process 1 slacken 1. 0). A day later Brisbane River peaked at 4. 46 metres at 2. 57am on thorium 13th of January, causing major flooding to begin. (See Appendix 2 Graph 2. 0).It was during these dickens days that the role the SEQ water supply played was questioned, as they were aware that the dams were risque enough to overflow. This speculation was further fuelled when it was prove known that SEQWater and pouchd 60% of the dams water, moments to begin with the flood engulfed Brisbane (See Appendix 3 Table 3. 0). SEQWater is the company in charge of the Wivenhoe and somersaulting Dams and constitute three simple run guidelines that they must follow (See Appendix 4 Guidelines 4. 0).It was apparent that none of the guidelines were followed for a anatomy of reasons. F irstly this was evident as when the Wivenhoe and summersault dams began filling up as a result of the severe wet atmospheric condition, SEQWater did not release any water from either dam until Tuesday 11th of January. As they had odd the water idling for too capacious they had no other choice yet to release the water at one meter instead of gradually releasing water like they were advised to do from the higher-ranking run Operations coordinate.After the flood occurred SEQWater express back, The flood compartments of the dams were filled to a high level by the first flood that there was not sufficient time to release this water prior to the second flood arriving, (Water, 20111158). So although the SEQWater tried to let off their actions, it can be argued that the SEQWater company and the employees were warned a few days in arouse that by releasing a minor amount of water at distinct times during the day would help minimise the amount of flooding that could have potenti ally occurred.Once it was discovered that the SEQWater had received numerous warning of potential warnings, the issue was studied and analysed. It was estimated that amongst 1100 Tuesday 11th of January and 1909 Wednesday twelfth of January that 518,000 millilitres of water was released from Wivenhoe dam making around a 60% contribution to the already rising water around the Brisbane area. (See Appendix 3 Table 3. 0). By 609pm Thursday the 13th of January the water flowing past the city Gauge was estimated to be around 866,000 millilitres and was still continuing to rise. See Appendix 5 Table 5. 0). The lowest detailed analysis sent out to SEQWater by the Senior Floods Operation Engineer it was analysed that if releases from the Wivenhoe dam were timed appropriately it could have minimised the flooding that occurred. (See Appendix 6 analytic thinking 6. 0). The Bureau of Meteorology proved to be helpful finished the disaster, by providing warnings through their rainfall dat a. Day-to-day rainfall charts and rainfall maps were updated online and made easily accessible to the public and those affected. See Appendix 7 and 8 Graph and Chart 7. 0). The BOM also released a clear warning to both the governing and the public that the amount of rain that was feeler would have the likely strength of a La Nina event. As the entropy was made available to anyone with Internet access, SEQWater and the Government could have easily accessed this information. By doing so they would have been able to see the potential threat the approaching heavy rainfall could have and in turn should have helped them make a wiser decision.By choosing to ignore any mien of warning sign provided by the BOM, SEQWater and their employees did nothing about the almost full catchment even though more heavy rain was approaching. Leading to the conclusion that by ignoring the warnings they demonstrated poor planning and ignorance to the information provided. Throughout this essay is has be en conclude that through proper planning and preparation the Brisbane Floods of 2011 could have been mitigated. Evidence and research shown throughout this essay evidently points unfavourably to the SEQWater company and its team.It concluded that although many warnings were issued, the SEQWater and government chose to ignore them and therefore resulting in all the water being released at once. Even though this natural disaster could not have been prevented through proper planning and preparation it decidedly could have been mitigated which would in turn also result in minimal devastation and destruction. This flood has also been dubbed a dam release flood by hydrologists that were appointed with the Insurance Council of Australia.Again as the evince and research implies, with proper planning and preparation yes, the Brisbane flood of 2011 could have been mitigated. vermiform appendix 1 TABLE 1. 0 WIVENHOE auxiliary 2 GRAPH 1. 0 CITY weed APPENDIX 3 TABLE 1. 1 RELAEASE FROM WIVENHOE PLUS CITY caliber APPENDIX 4 GUIDELINES 3. 0 OPERATING GUIDELINES * The flood repositing (or catchments) should generally be unplowed empty by releasing all the water flowing into the flood retention system until the specify downstream flood event is reached. Releases from the storage system should so be selected to remain below the defined downstream flood event until the flood event has passed or the storage system becomes full. * If the flood storage system becomes full, the storage system must then release all the inflows but releases should never egest inflows. APPENDIX 5 TABLE 1. 2 ESTIMATED FLOW PAST CITY GAUGE APPENDIX 6 ANALYSIS 6. 0 DETAILED ANALYSIS 123,000 millilitres was discharged either earlier than 11. 00 Tuesday 11th or ater than 1900 Wednesday 12th rather than during this period, the flood level at the Brisbane City Gauge would not have exceeded the Major flood level, or if 335,000 millilitres was discharged remote the period 0200 Tuesday tenth t o 0800 Thursday 13th rather then during the period, the flood level at the Brisbane City Gauge would not have exceeded the declare flood level, or if 623,000 millilitres was discharged outside of the period 1300 Monday 10th to 2100 Thursday 13th rather than during the period, there would not have been a flood at the Brisbane City Gauge. OBrien, 20119) APPENDIX 7 AND 8 DAILY pelting GRAPH AND CHART 7. 0 REFEERNCE key out Apelt, Mar 2011, Joint Flood Taskforce chronicle March 2011, viewed 19 April 2012, Himsley, May 2011, Dams and Flood Mitigation, viewed 19 April 2012, Honert, R & McAneney J 2011, The 2011 Brisbane Floods Causes, Impacts and Implications, Water Journal, Vol. , Iss. 4, pp 1149 1173, viewed 19 April 2012, http//www. mdpi. com/2073-4441/3/4/1149/ Calligeros, M 2011, Wivenhoe Dam release caused Brisbane flood report, The Brisbane Times, 11 March, viewed 19 April 2012, http//www. brisbanetimes. com. au/environment/ wear/wivenhoe-dam-release-caused-brisbane-flood-r eport-20110311-1bqk7. html Calligeros, M 2011, Brisbane flood victims to confront the destruction, The Brisbane Times, 14 January, viewed 21 April 2012, http//www. risbanetimes. com. au/environment/weather/brisbane-flood-victims-to-confront-the-destruction-20110113-19q04. html Seqwater, 2011, The January 2011 Flood Event, viewed 19 April 2012, Bureau of Meteorology, Feb 2011, Brisbane metro in January 2011 A major rain event and severe flooding, viewed 21 April 2012, OBrien, Mar 2011, Brisbane Flooding January 2011 An Avoidable Disaster, viewed 19 April 2012, Bureau of Meteorology, Jan 2011, Monthly Weather analyze Queensland January 2011, viewed 21 April 2012, PM With Mark Colvin, ABC, 8 February 2011, ABC Australia, Brisbane. (Also a radio programme of it on http//www. abc. net. au/pm/ heart and soul/2011/s3133417. htm)